Graphics Cards

It required a 2D video card to be installed in a computer, allowing it to run alongside and provide 3D graphics rendering for computer gamers.
Voodoo video cards quickly became popular amongst computer gamers.

It was the first video card to provide SLI support, allowing two video cards to work together for superior graphics.

ATI released the Radeon 9700 video card in October 2002, being the first Direct3D 9.0 accelerator video card on the market.

The first Radeon video cards were fully DirectX 7 compatible and featured ATIs HyperZ technology.

Some VGA Wonder cards even featured a mouse port for mouse connectivity.

The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was IBMs first color graphics card for the IBM PC and established a de facto computer display standard.

The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is an IBM PC graphics adapter and de facto computer display standard from 1984 that superseded the CGA standard introduced with the original IBM PC, and was itself superseded by the VGA standard in 1987.
In addition to the original EGA card manufactured by IBM, many compatible third-party cards were manufactured, and EGA graphics modes continued to be supported by VGA and later standards.

he Extended Graphics Array (XGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the 1024 × 768 pixels display resolution, but the official definition is broader than that.

The initial version of XGA expanded upon IBMs older VGA by adding support for four new screen modes, including one new resolution:

640 × 480 pixels in direct 16 bits-per-pixel (65,536 color) RGB hi-color and 8 bit/px (256 color) palette-indexed mode.
1024 × 768 pixels with a 16- or 256-color (4 or 8 bit/px) palette, using a low frequency interlaced refresh rate.
XGA-2 added a 24-bit DAC, but this was used only to extend the available master palette in 256-color mode, e.g. to allow true 256-greyscale output. Other improvements included the provision of the previously missing 800 × 600 resolution in up to 65,536 colors, faster screen refresh rates in all modes (including non-interlace, flicker-free output for 1024 × 768), and improved accelerator performance and versatility.

All standard XGA modes have a 4:3 aspect ratio with square pixels, although this does not hold for certain standard VGA and third-party extended modes (640 × 400, 1280 × 1024).implement.

The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer graphics controller formerly made by Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. that combines IBMs text-only MDA display standard with a bitmapped graphics mode. This allows the HGC to offer both high-quality text and graphics from a single card.

The HGC was very popular, and became a widely supported de facto display standard on IBM PC compatibles. The HGC standard was used long after more technically capable systems had entered the market, especially on dual-monitor setups.

Intel entered the video card market by introducing the iSBX 275 Video Graphics Multimodule in 1983.
It was capable of displaying eight colors and a 256 x 256 resolution.

The Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA, also MDA card, Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter, MDPA) is IBMs standard video display card and computer display standard for the IBM PC introduced in 1981.
The MDA does not have any pixel-addressable graphics modes, only a single monochrome text mode which can display 80 columns by 25 lines of high resolution text characters or symbols useful for drawing forms.

It is considered as the first GPU worldwide and provided full support for DirectX 7. It also featured 32 MB of DDR memory.

The GeForce 3 series were the first video cards in the world to feature programmable pixel shaders.

The RIVA 128 chip was intended to be NVIDIAs answer to the Voodoo1 video card, but it had lower quality graphics rendering.

RIVA TNT was nVidias fourth graphics chip design (hence the NV4 chipset name) - it was Direct3D 6-compliant with much better image quality and performance compared to its predecessors.

TNT stands for TwiN Texel, to point out that the TNT has two rendering pipelines that can work in parallel, equivalent to the two texelfx2 units in the 3Dfx Voodoo 2 chipset. Each pipeline can produce 1 pixel per clock cycle. Until now, only Voodoo (on the Quantum 3D boards only) and Voodoo 2 could do this parallel rendering - now, TNT was the next chip to provide this important feature. ATIs Rage 128 and 3Dlabs Permedia 3 would be hot on their heels.

NVIDIA put 16 MB of SDR memory on the card, which are connected using a 128-bit memory interface. The GPU operated at a frequency of 90 MHz with memory running at 110 MHz. Rough theoretical performance of this card is 180 MPixel/s pixel rate, and 180 MTexel/s texture rate. Memory bandwidth is approximately 1.76 GB/s.

The RIVA TNT has got an excellent 2D engine, producing a great picture quality.

TNT was supposed to be the Voodoo 2 killer, and whilst that wasnt quite the reality theyd hoped for, the TNT did get a number of benefits including the 2x AGP interface, the ability to display games at 1600 x 1200 resolution (Voodoo 2 was limited to 800 x 600 in single-card form, and 1024 x 768 in SLI mode). TNT also got a 24-bit Z-buffer and 32-bit colour rendering (64 billion colours), which surpasses even the 3dfx Voodoo 3 with its still 16-bit colour palette (65,536 colours). Expect very good 3D performance (close to Voodoo 2), excellent image quality, excellent 2D performance and quality.

It competed against the S3 Savage3D, Intel i740, 3dfx Voodoo Banshee, Mpact-2, Number Nine Ticket To Ride IV, and Matrox MGA-G200.

M64 and VANTA were budget versions of the TNT2. The nVidia original of this card was also called the GM1000-32. The M64 means this card has a 64-bit memory width (as opposed to the TNT2s 128-bit memory width). This results in half the memory access performance. Typically the VANTA cards (also 64-bit memory width) run a 100 MHz core clock frequency as well as memory speed, so are even slower than most M64 cards.

The Riva TNT2 M64 was a graphics card by NVIDIA, launched in October 1999. Built on the 250 nm process, and based on the NV5 B6 graphics processor, in its 64 variant, the card supports DirectX 6.0. The NV5 B6 graphics processor is a relatively small chip with a die area of only 90 mm² and 15 million transistors. It features 2 pixel shaders and 0 vertex shaders, 2 texture mapping units and 2 ROPs. Due to the lack of unified shaders you will not be able to run recent games at all (which require unified shader/DX10+ support). NVIDIA has placed 16 MB SDR memory on the card, which are connected using a 64-bit memory interface. The GPU is operating at a frequency of 125 MHz, memory is running at 143 MHz.
Being a single-slot card, the NVIDIA Riva TNT2 M64 does not require any additional power connector, its power draw is not exactly known. Display outputs include: 1x VGA. Riva TNT2 M64 is connected to the rest of the system using an AGP 4x interface.

Rough theoretical performance of this card is 250 MPixel/s pixel rate, and 250 MTexel/s texture rate. Memory bandwidth is approximately 1.144 GB/s. Typically in real gaming performance, the M64 will outperform the original TNT at lower resolutions (320x200, 640x480 or 800x600) but starts to be on par with TNT performance levels at anything higher, due to having a smaller memory bandwidth. You can overclock an M64 card however, so focus this on the memory clock for best performance gains.

Cards with 32 MB of memory helped the TNT2 Model 64 compete in higher-resolution settings, and in late 1999 this would have been a mid-market choice; not the cheapest slowest card around, but also not the fastest, and for under £90 was within reach of many. If you were in the market for an nVidia card but had more cash to throw around youd instead look at the TNT2 Ultra.

S3 mostly sold their graphics chips to OEM manufacturers to integrate into computer motherboards, due to their low cost and lower quality.

Super VGA (SVGA) is a broad term that covers a wide range of computer display standards that extended IBMs VGA specification.

When used as shorthand for a resolution, as VGA and XGA often are, SVGA refers to a resolution of 800×600.

First S/VGA compatible chipset (ISA), 512 KB framebuffer

Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display controller and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, which became ubiquitous in the IBM PC compatible industry within three years.
The term can now refer to the computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the 640×480 resolution characteristic of the VGA hardware.

VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of IBM PC compatible computer manufacturers conformed, making it the lowest common denominator that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement.